Basics Beginner

Chess Annotation Symbols

When reading chess books or engine analysis, you'll see symbols like !, ?, !!, and ?? after moves. These annotation symbols evaluate move quality. Here is what every symbol means.

Move quality symbols

SymbolMeaningExample
!Good moveA strong move that improves the position
!!Brilliant moveA surprising, exceptional move (often a sacrifice)
?MistakeA move that worsens the position significantly
??BlunderA terrible move that loses material or the game
!?Interesting moveAn ambitious move, possibly risky but creative
?!Dubious moveA questionable move that may not be objectively best

Game state symbols

SymbolMeaning
+Check
#Checkmate
O-OKingside castling
O-O-OQueenside castling
0-1Black wins
1-0White wins
½-½Draw

Position evaluation symbols

SymbolMeaning
±White is clearly better
Black is clearly better
White is slightly better
Black is slightly better
=Equal position
Unclear position

See our complete notation guide for how to read full game scores.

← All articles